Malnutrition and Its Effects on Human Health

Introduction

Malnutrition is an abnormal state resulting from inadequate or unbalanced feeding. People can maintain good health on remarkably different diets, as long as they are locally available and acquired through normal circumstances. However, in situations of seasonal crop failure, poverty, or changes in agricultural practices and customs, malnutrition can occur. This article will discuss the various ways in which inadequate food can affect human health and the consequences of these deficiencies.

1. Starvation

Prolonged deprivation of food leads to weight loss and muscle weakness. Treatment for starvation involves starting with easily absorbed food, such as sugar, and gradually increasing the diet as the patient’s condition improves.

1. Famine Oedema

With prolonged underfeeding, particularly when protein is in short supply, oedema of the lower limbs may develop. This condition affects adults and improves when adequate food is provided.

1. Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor occurs in children weaned from breastfeeding who are given excessive carbohydrates and insufficient protein. Lack of milk and feeding on maize or cassava without meat, fish, or beans is the typical cause. Signs of kwashiorkor include oedema, loss of appetite, cold feet, loose stools containing undigested food, and a poor growth rate.

Treatment:

Treatment for kwashiorkor involves consistent provision of milk and gradually increasing the diet. Penicillin may be administered to treat secondary infections, and other parasites should be removed during early convalescence. Untreated, many children die, but with treatment, the majority recover. However, relapse is likely unless the child subsequently receives better food.

1. Lack of Vitamins

Vitamins are essential nutrients required in small quantities to maintain good health. They belong to three chemical classes: proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

a. Vitamin A: Deficiency of vitamin A results in skin and eye changes, with the skin becoming rough and dry. Food sources of vitamin A include eggs, milk, fish, fish liver oils, red oil, carrots, fruits, and vegetables.

b. Vitamin B Complex: Lack of vitamin B complex leads to Beri-beri, which can manifest in an acute form with mental confusion and signs of cranial nerve damage. Treatment involves administering aneurine and providing food rich in aneurine.

c. Vitamin C: Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, characterized by deformities in bones and potential obstruction during childbirth. Food sources of vitamin C include fruit juices, fresh vegetables, and sprouting grains.

d. Vitamin D: Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets, but as vitamin D is synthesized by skin exposed to sunlight, this disease is only seen in the tropics in people who hide themselves in dark houses or wear excessive clothing. Food sources of vitamin D include milk, butter, and fish oils.

1. Lack of Mineral Salts

Deficiency of mineral salts, such as iron, iodine, calcium, sodium, and fluorine, can lead to various health issues, including anaemia, osteomalacia, and goitre.

Conclusion

Malnutrition can have severe consequences on human health, leading to various deficiencies and health issues. Ensuring a balanced diet with adequate nutrients is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing malnutrition.